Chinese characters : Query result

Character: 弓

Modern (Beijing) reading: gōng

Preclassic Old Chinese: kʷǝŋ

Classic Old Chinese: kwǝŋ

Western Han Chinese: kwǝŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: kwǝŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: kwɨŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kwɨŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: kwɨŋ

Middle Chinese: küŋ

English meaning : bow

Russian meaning[s]: 1) лук (для стрельбы); 2) изогнутый, дугообразный; 3) гун (мера длины в 5 чи); 4) Гун (фамилия)

Comments: Viet. cong ('curved, bent') is colloquial; the normal Sino-Viet. reading is cung ('bow'). In Viet. there is also a doublet còng.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 57

Four-angle index: 4622

Karlgren code: 0901 a-d

Vietnamese reading: cong

Jianchuan Bai: kõ4

Dali Bai: kü5-

Bijiang Bai: kü̃4

Character: 才

Modern (Beijing) reading: cái

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʒ́hǝ̄

Classic Old Chinese: ʒhǝ̄

Western Han Chinese: ʒhǝ̄

Eastern Han Chinese: ʒhǝ̄

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒhǝ̄

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒhǝ̄

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒhǝ̄j

Middle Chinese: ʒʌj

English meaning : talent, gift, quality

Russian meaning[s]: 1) способности, талант; талантливый человек; 2) материал; сырье, вм. 材; 3) только, только что; только тогда, вм. 纔; связка перед сказуемым главного предложения; 4) характер, природа (человека)

Comments: For *ʒ́h cf. Chaozhou, Fuzhou chai².

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 64

Four-angle index: 3229

Karlgren code: 0943 a-f

Vietnamese reading: tài

Character: 丑

Modern (Beijing) reading: chǒu

Preclassic Old Chinese: snruʔ

Classic Old Chinese: n̥rú

Western Han Chinese: n̥rǝ́w

Eastern Han Chinese: ṇ̥́rǝ́w

Early Postclassic Chinese: ṭhíw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ṭhǝ́w

Late Postclassic Chinese: ṭhǝ́w

Middle Chinese: ṭhǝ́w

Fanqie: 恥有

Rhyme class: 有

English meaning : the second of the Earthly Branches

Russian meaning[s]: 1) 2-й циклический знак из 12-ти; 2-й по порядку, "б"; февраль; 2) время от 1 часа до 3 часов ночи; 3) театр. комик, шут

Shuowen gloss: 紐也. 十二月萬物動用事. 象手之形. 時加丑. 亦舉手時也. 凡丑之屬皆從丑.

Radical: 1

Four-angle index: 527

Karlgren code: 1076 a-d

Jianchuan Bai: chɨ1

Character: 丐

Modern (Beijing) reading: gài

Preclassic Old Chinese: kāts

Classic Old Chinese: kāć

Western Han Chinese: kāś

Eastern Han Chinese: kāś

Early Postclassic Chinese: kāś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kā̀j

Late Postclassic Chinese: kā̀j

Middle Chinese: kầj

English meaning : to pray, beg

Russian meaning[s]: 1) нищий (также 丐子); просить милостыню; клянчить, просить; 2) подавать

Comments: Also read *kāt, MC kât, Pek. ge id.

Radical: 1

Four-angle index: 4423

Karlgren code: 0313 a-c

Go-on: kai

Kan-on: kai

Japanese reading: kai;gai;kou;ataeru

Character: 不

Modern (Beijing) reading: bù [fǒu] [fōu] [fěi] [pēi] [bī] [biáo]

Preclassic Old Chinese: pǝ

Classic Old Chinese: pǝ

Western Han Chinese: pǝ

Eastern Han Chinese: pwǝ

Early Postclassic Chinese: piw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: pǝw

Late Postclassic Chinese: pǝw

Middle Chinese: pǝw

Fanqie: 夫優 [a] 甫有 [b] 夫物 [g] 福烏 [h]

Rhyme class: 月 [a] 有 [b] 尤 [cg] 紙 [d] 支 [ef] 物 [g]

English meaning : not, the indicative-objective negative

Russian meaning[s]: 1) отрицание перед прилагательными, модальными глаголами, связками; перед прочими глаголами выражает одновременно оттенки настоящего или будущего времени, в противоположность 沒; не; 2) в диалоге нет!; 3) разг. на конце вопросительного предложения заменяет сказуемое в отрицательной форме; 4) инфикс невозможности совершения действия в сложных глаголах с суффиксами; 5) с последующим 也, 亦 если не..., даже если не...; [fǒu] вэньянь нет, или нет, вм. 否

Shuowen gloss: 鳥飛上翔不下來也. 從一. 一猶天也. 象形. 凡不之屬皆從不.

Comments: This OC negation has no certain ST parallels; although there are some vague traces of a *p-negation in WC languages (perhaps also in Yenisseian, where it, however, should have regularly merged with the more widely spread *m-negation), it may be a purely Chinese innovation. Cf. PAN *bak (? *ba) 'negative marker'.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 1

Four-angle index: 7799

Vietnamese reading: bất

Jianchuan Bai: -pio1

Dali Bai: pio1

Shijing occurrences: 1.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 10.2, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 21.1, 21.2, 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 24.1, 26.1, 26.2, 26.3, 26.4, 26.5, 29.1, 29.2, 29.4, 30.3, 30.4, 31.2, 33.4, 34.2, 35.1, 35.3, 35.5, 35.6, 36.1, 36.2, 37.3, 39.1, 39.3, 42.1, 43.1, 43.2, 44.2, 45.1, 45.2, 46.1, 46.2, 46.3, 47.1, 47.2, 51.3, 52.1, 52.2, 52.3, 54.2, 54.4, 55.1, 55.2, 55.3, 58.2, 58.4, 58.5

Character: 中

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhōng zhòng

Preclassic Old Chinese: truŋ truŋs

Classic Old Chinese: truŋ truŋh

Western Han Chinese: ṭǝuŋ ṭǝuŋh

Eastern Han Chinese: ṭǝuŋ ṭǝuŋh

Early Postclassic Chinese: ṭɨuŋ ṭɨùŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ṭuŋ ṭùŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ṭuŋ ṭùŋ

Middle Chinese: ṭüŋ ṭǜŋ

Fanqie: 豬弓 [a] 竹鳳 [b]

Rhyme class: 東 [a] 送 [b]

English meaning : be in the middle; just, correct; make a legal decision

Russian meaning[s]: 1) середина, центр; быть в центре; второй (из трех); внутренний; средний; 2) послелог среди, между, внутри; в; 3) Китай; китайский; 4) посредственный, средней руки; 5) посредник; комиссионный; 6) беспристрастный, справедливый; 7) половина, наполовину; на полпути; 8) блага, милости (напр. природы); 9) Чжун (фамилия); [zhòng] 1) попасть в цель; достичь цели; добиться успеха; выиграть (напр. по займу); выдержать (экзамен); 2) соответствовать, отвечать требованиям; подходить, прийтись по вкусу; 3) подвергнуться; попасть в (ловушку); 4) впасть в (ошибку); попасть под (шальную пулю)

Shuowen gloss: 內也. 從口丨. 下上通.

Comments: Also read *truŋ-s, MC ṭǜŋ, Mand. zhòng 'to hit the middle' (L.Zhou). Standard Sino-Viet. is trung (for ṭüŋ), trúng (for ṭǜŋ). Cf. also 仲 *druŋ-s 'the one in the middle'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 2

Four-angle index: 2625

Karlgren code: 1007 a-e

Go-on: tiyuu

Kan-on: tiyuu

Japanese reading: chū;naka;uchi;ataru

Vietnamese reading: trong

Jianchuan Bai: cõ2- ( = 射?; used in cõ2-to4 '射中')

Dali Bai: co2-

Bijiang Bai: ṭo2-

Shijing occurrences: 2.1, 7.2, 7.3, 13.2_, 30.1, 35.2, 36.1, 36.2_, 38.1, 44.1, 45.1, 46.1, 46.2, 46.3, 48.1_, 48.2_, 48.3_, 50.1_

Character: 丰

Modern (Beijing) reading: fēng

Preclassic Old Chinese: phoŋ

Classic Old Chinese: phoŋ

Western Han Chinese: phoŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: phoŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: phoŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: phoŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: phoŋ

Middle Chinese: phöuŋ

English meaning : be flourishing, elegant

Russian meaning[s]: 1) прекрасный, красивый; 2) манера держаться, манеры; 3) густой, обильный, роскошный, вм. 豐

Radical: 3

Four-angle index: 2548

Karlgren code: 1197 a-c

Character: 丹

Modern (Beijing) reading: dān

Preclassic Old Chinese: tān

Classic Old Chinese: tān

Western Han Chinese: tān

Eastern Han Chinese: tān

Early Postclassic Chinese: tān

Middle Postclassic Chinese: tān

Late Postclassic Chinese: tān

Middle Chinese: tân

English meaning : cinnabar, vermilion

Russian meaning[s]: 1) киноварь; сурик; красный; 2) пилюля; патентованное средство; панацея; даос. философский камень, пилюля бессмертия; 3) искренний, честный, преданный; 4) сокр. Дания

Comments: For etymology see 赬, 赭.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 3

Four-angle index: 4012

Karlgren code: 0150 a-b

Go-on: tan

Kan-on: tan

Japanese reading: tan;akai

Character: 之

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhī

Preclassic Old Chinese: tǝ

Classic Old Chinese: tǝ

Western Han Chinese: tǝ

Eastern Han Chinese: ćǝ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ćɨ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ćɨ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ćɨ

Middle Chinese: ćɨ

English meaning : This; he, she, it, they, them. The basic meaning of the character is 'to go, proceed' (reflected as 'to go out' in the Shuowen gloss, but occurring in texts only with the normal meaning 'to go, proceed'); the use of 之 for a pronoun is secondary, due to homonymy.

Russian meaning[s]: 1) его, их, это, этих (после сказуемого служебный показатель объекта в вэньяне); часто не обозначает никакого конкретного объекта и служит лишь показателем переходности действия; 2) служебное слово между определением и определяемым, формант обособленного определения; 3) в придаточных (членных) предложениях ставится после подлежащего и служит показателем несамостоятельного характера предложения; 4) предшествует концовкам обстоятельств места и времени; 5) древняя эвфоническая частица без значения; 6) древн. этот; сей; его; 7) древн. или; 8) древн. отправиться; поехать; доехать, достичь; распространиться; перейти к...; что касается, вм. 至

Shuowen gloss: 出也.象草過え.枝莖漸益大.有所之也.一者地也.

Comments: The word is used normally either as an object pronoun ('him','her', etc.), or as a marker of possession or attribution (as in Shi 1,1) - probably reflecting different usages of a single original morpheme. Sometimes it also occurs as a demonstrative attribute 'this' - but Schüssler is probably right in thinking that in such cases it is actually written instead of the demonstrative 時 *dǝ (which, just as 是 *deʔ 'this', is also etymologically related).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 4

Four-angle index: 6439

Karlgren code: 0962 a-b

Go-on: si

Kan-on: si

Japanese reading: shi;yuku;kore;kono;no

Jianchuan Bai: -ta6 (這)

Dali Bai: tɨ3 (這)

Shijing occurrences: 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 20.3, 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 24.1, 24.2, 24.3, 26.2, 26.4, 26.5, 27.1, 27.2, 28.1, 28.2, 28.3, 28.4, 29.1, 29.2, 29.3, 31.3, 32.3, 33.1, 33.3, 35.4, 36.1, 36.2, 37.1, 37.4, 38.1, 38.4, 39.1, 40.1, 40.2, 40.3, 42.3, 43.1, 43.2, 43.3, 45.1, 45.2, 46.1, 46.2, 46.3, 47.1, 47.2, 48.1, 48.2, 48.3, 49.1, 49.2, 50.1, 51.1, 51.3, 53.1, 53.2, 53.3, 54.3, 54.4_, 57.1, 58.1, 58.3, 58.4

Character: 尹

Modern (Beijing) reading: yǐn

Preclassic Old Chinese: winʔ

Classic Old Chinese: wín

Western Han Chinese: wjǝ́n

Eastern Han Chinese: źwǝ́n

Early Postclassic Chinese: źwɨ́n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: jwɨ́n

Late Postclassic Chinese: jwɨ́n

Middle Chinese: jwín

English meaning : be straight

Russian meaning[s]: 1) управлять; наблюдать; 2) начальник, правитель (области, уезда); 3) Инь (фамилия)

Comments: The character does not occur in rhymes, and the xiesheng evidence is also perplexing; therefore, a number of reconstructions are possible (*winʔ, *lunʔ,*lurʔ).

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 44

Four-angle index: 4144

Character: 予

Modern (Beijing) reading: yú

Preclassic Old Chinese: Ła

Classic Old Chinese: Ła

Western Han Chinese: la

Eastern Han Chinese: źa

Early Postclassic Chinese: źo

Middle Postclassic Chinese: jo

Late Postclassic Chinese: jo

Middle Chinese: jö

English meaning : I, we

Russian meaning[s]: давать, жаловать, предоставлять, вм. 與; [yú] я, вм. 余

Comments: Also written as 余; used as well for OC *laʔ, MC jö́ (FQ 余呂) 'to present, give' ( = 與 q.v.).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 6

Four-angle index: 3021

Karlgren code: 0083 a-b

Go-on: yo

Kan-on: yo

Japanese reading: yo+

Shijing occurrences: 35.5, 53.2_

Character: 云

Modern (Beijing) reading: yún

Preclassic Old Chinese: wǝn

Classic Old Chinese: wǝn

Western Han Chinese: wǝn

Eastern Han Chinese: wǝn

Early Postclassic Chinese: wɨn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: wɨn

Late Postclassic Chinese: wɨn

Middle Chinese: ɦün

English meaning : to say

Russian meaning[s]: 1) говорить, сказать (что-л.); гласит следующее..., а именно...; 2) конечная частица в вэньяне, обычно завершает прямую речь или цитату; 3) древн. начальная частица так, вот так; таков; 4) древн. облако, вм. 雲; 5) Юнь (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 古文省雨.亦古文雲. [575]

Comments: The character was the original drawing of *whǝn 'cloud' (see 雲). The meaning "to say" is attested already in inscriptions (see Schüssler 800), and must have been a loan of the character for a word related to 曰 *wat, 謂 *wǝts 'say, speak'. These words have *w- (cf. 曰 Fuzhou uak8, uok8, Jianou ua6; 謂 Xiamen ui6, Fuzhou oi6, Chaozhou ui4), therefore the reconstruction *wǝn seems the most plausible.
During the Eastern Zhou period, however, the character is used only to denote a homonymous modal (?) particle, the meaning of which is much debated. Schüssler (ibid.) thinks it may have been derived from 有 *whǝʔ and mean "there being it, happen that, come to", but most commentators prefer simply to ignore it in translations.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 7

Four-angle index: 8660

Karlgren code: 0460 a

Shijing occurrences: 3.4, 33.3, 38.4, 47.1, 48.1, 48.2, 48.3, 50.2

Character: 井

Modern (Beijing) reading: jǐng

Preclassic Old Chinese: ceŋʔ

Classic Old Chinese: céŋ

Western Han Chinese: céŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: cjéŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: cjéŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: cjéŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: cjéŋ

Middle Chinese: cjéŋ

English meaning : a well

Russian meaning[s]: 1) колодец; шахта; глубокая яма; 2) обр. ограниченный, узкий (о кругозоре); 3) древн. колодезная система (землепользования); 4) Цзин (название созвездия); 5) Цзин (фамилия)

Comments: Regular Sino-Viet. is ti`nh.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 7

Four-angle index: 2773

Karlgren code: 0819 a-e

Vietnamese reading: giếng

Jianchuan Bai: ćɛ̃1

Dali Bai: ćer1

Character: 互

Modern (Beijing) reading: hù

Preclassic Old Chinese: g(h)ā(ʔ)s

Classic Old Chinese: g(h)āh

Western Han Chinese: gāh (~ ɣ-)

Eastern Han Chinese: gāh (~ ɣ-)

Early Postclassic Chinese: gā̀ (~ ɣ-)

Middle Postclassic Chinese: gā̀ (~ ɣ-)

Late Postclassic Chinese: gā̀ (~ ɣ-)

Middle Chinese: ɣò

English meaning : intertwining, crossing; barrier; a stand (of crossing sticks) [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: взаимно, обоюдно; вместе, сообща

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 7

Four-angle index: 523

Karlgren code: 0054 a

Character: 五

Modern (Beijing) reading: wǔ

Preclassic Old Chinese: ŋhāʔ

Classic Old Chinese: ŋhā́

Western Han Chinese: ŋhā́

Eastern Han Chinese: ŋhā́

Early Postclassic Chinese: ŋhṓ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ŋhṓ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ŋhṓ

Middle Chinese: ŋó

Fanqie: 吳魯

Rhyme class: 虞

English meaning : be five

Russian meaning[s]: 1) пять; пятый; 2) май; 3) У (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 五行也. 從二. 陰陽在天地間交午也. 凡五之屬皆從五.

Comments: For *ŋh- cf. Xiamen ŋɔ⁶, Chaozhou ŋou⁴, Fuzhou ŋo⁶, Jianou ŋu⁶, ŋu⁸.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 7

Four-angle index: 525

Karlgren code: 0058 a-d

Vietnamese reading: ngũ

Jianchuan Bai: ŋü1

Dali Bai: mu1

Bijiang Bai: ŋü1

Shijing occurrences: 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 21.1, 25.1, 25.2, 53.2_

Character: 亢

Modern (Beijing) reading: kàng

Preclassic Old Chinese: kāŋ

Classic Old Chinese: kāŋ

Western Han Chinese: kāŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: kāŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: kāŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kāŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: kāŋ

Middle Chinese: kâŋ

English meaning : neck, throat [since Han]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) гордый; высокомерный, надменный; 2) весьма, крайне; слишком; 3) Кан (фамилия); [gāng] шея; горло

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 8

Four-angle index: 7682

Karlgren code: 0698 a

Character: 仁

Modern (Beijing) reading: rén

Preclassic Old Chinese: nin

Classic Old Chinese: nin

Western Han Chinese: njǝn

Eastern Han Chinese: ń́ǝn

Early Postclassic Chinese: ńin

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ńin

Late Postclassic Chinese: ńin

Middle Chinese: ńin

English meaning : be kind, good

Russian meaning[s]: 1) гуманность, человеколюбие; доброта; милосердие; 2) добродетельный, достойный [человек]; 3) любить; 4) косточка, ядро, зернышко

Comments: Probably = 人 q.v. For *n cf. Xiamen ʒin², lin², Chaozhou ziŋ², Fuzhou iŋ², Jianou iŋ⁹.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 3

Karlgren code: 0388 f-g

Character: 什

Modern (Beijing) reading: shí

Preclassic Old Chinese: gip

Classic Old Chinese: gip

Western Han Chinese: gjǝp

Eastern Han Chinese: gjǝp

Early Postclassic Chinese: gjip

Middle Postclassic Chinese: gjip

Late Postclassic Chinese: gjip

Middle Chinese: ʒ́ip

English meaning : ten men, ten objects [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) десять, десяток; из десяти; десяток солдат (людей); 2) разная утварь; украшения; 3) всякая всячина; 4) потроха, требуха

Comments: = 十.

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 2230

Karlgren code: 0686 e

Character: 仃

Modern (Beijing) reading: dīng

Preclassic Old Chinese: tēŋ

Classic Old Chinese: tēŋ

Western Han Chinese: tēŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: tiēŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: tiēŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: tiēŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: tiēŋ

Middle Chinese: tieŋ

English meaning : Used only in the diesheng 伶仃 MC lieŋ-tieŋ 'lonely' [Song]

Russian meaning[s]: 伶仃 одинокий; бесприютный, сирота

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 2933

Character: 仆

Modern (Beijing) reading: pū

Preclassic Old Chinese: phoks

Classic Old Chinese: phoh

Western Han Chinese: phwah

Eastern Han Chinese: phwah

Early Postclassic Chinese: phwò

Middle Postclassic Chinese: phwò

Late Postclassic Chinese: phwò

Middle Chinese: phǜ

English meaning : to fall prostrate [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: упасть ничком, повалиться

Comments: Also read MC phʌ̀w, OC phōks; MC bʌk, OC *bhǝ̄k id.

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 1961

Karlgren code: 1210 g